Chapter : 13

Copyright and Fair Use

here are the news about the copyright problem 

Some More Bad News For Copyright-Enforcer Righthaven

reference

http://paidcontent.org/article/419-some-more-bad-news-for-copyright-enforcer-righthaven/

Chapter : 12

Knowledge Management

Knowledge management (KM)

comprises a range of strategies and practices used in an organization to identify, create, represent, distribute, and enable adoption of insights and experiences. Such insights and experiences comprise knowledge, either embodied in individuals or embedded in organizations as processes or practices.

An established discipline since 1991 (see Nonaka 1991), KM includes courses taught in the fields of business administration, information systems, management, and library and information sciences (Alavi & Leidner 1999). More recently, other fields have started contributing to KM research; these include information and media, computer science, public health, and public policy.  Many large companies and non-profit organizations have resources dedicated to internal KM efforts, often as a part of their business strategy, information technology, or human resource management departments (Addicott, McGivern & Ferlie 2006). Several consulting companies also exist that provide strategy and advice regarding KM to these organizations.

Knowledge management efforts typically focus on organizational objectives such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, the sharing of lessons learned, integration and continuous improvement of the organization. KM efforts overlap with organizational learning, and may be distinguished from that by a greater focus on the management of knowledge as a strategic asset and a focus on encouraging the sharing of knowledge.

Knowledge Management System

Knowledge Management System (KM System)




refers to a (generally generated via or through to an IT based program/department or section) system for managing knowledge in organizations for supporting creation, capture, storage and dissemination of information. It can comprise
 a part (neither necessary nor sufficient) of a Knowledge Management initiative. The idea of a KM system is to enable employees to have ready access to the organization's documented base of facts, sources of information, and solutions. For example a typical claim justifying the creation of a KM system might run something like this: an engineer could know the metallurgical composition of an alloy that reduces sound in gear systems. Sharing this information organization wide can lead to more effective engine design and it could also lead to ideas for new or improved equipment.

KMS systems deal with information (although Knowledge Management as a discipline may extend beyond the information centric aspect of any system) so they are a class of information system and may build on, or utilize other information sources. Distinguishing features of a KMS can include:

1. Purpose: a KMS will have an explicit Knowledge Management objective of some type such as collaboration, sharing good practice or the like.
2. Context: One perspective on KMS would see knowledge is information that is meaningfully organized, accumulated and embedded in a context of creation and application.
3. Processes: KMS are developed to support and enhance knowledge-intensive processes, tasks or projects of e.g., creation, construction, identification, capturing, acquisition, selection, valuation, organization, linking, structuring, formalization, visualization, transfer, distribution, retention, maintenance, refinement, revision, evolution, accessing, retrieval and last but not least the application of knowledge, also called the knowledge life cycle.
4. Participants: Users can play the roles of active, involved participants in knowledge networks and communities fostered by KMS, although this is not necessarily the case. KMS designs are held to reflect that knowledge is developed collectively and that the “distribution” of knowledge leads to its continuous change, reconstruction and application in different contexts, by different participants with differing backgrounds and experiences.
5. Instruments: KMS support KM instruments, e.g., the capture, creation and sharing of the codifiable aspects of experience, the creation of corporate knowledge directories, taxonomies or ontologies, expertise locators, skill management systems, collaborative filtering and handling of interests used to connect people, the creation and fostering of communities or knowledge networks.

A KMS offers integrated services to deploy KM instruments for networks of participants, i.e. active knowledge workers, in knowledge-intensive business processes along the entire knowledge life cycle. KMS can be used for a wide range of cooperative, collaborative,adhocracy and hierarchy communities, virtual organizations, societies and other virtual networks, to manage media contents; activities, interactions and work-flows purposes; projects; works, networks, departments, privileges, roles, participants and other active users in order to extract and generate new knowledge and to enhance, leverage and transfer in new outcomes of knowledge providing new services using new formats and interfaces and different communication channels.

The term KMS can be associated to Open Source Software, and Open Standards, Open Protocols and Open Knowledge licenses, initiatives and policies.

Benefits & Issues of knowledge management

1. Sharing of valuable organizational information throughout organizational hierarchy.
2. Can avoid re-inventing the wheel, reducing redundant work.
3. May reduce training time for new employees
4. Retention of Intellectual Property after the employee leaves if such knowledge can be codified.
5. time management

Knowledge Sharing  remains a challenging issue for knowledge management, and while there is no clear agreement barriers may include time issues for knowledge works, the level of trust, lack of effective support technologies and culture

Example of KM

Our cases database has over 100 examples of organizations that have achieved significant benefits through knowledge management. Here are just a few examples:

• BP - by introducing virtual teamworking using videconferencing have speeded up the solution of critical operation problems
  
• Hoffman La Roche - through its Right First Time programme has reduced the cost and time to achieve regulatory approvals for new drugs.
  
• Dow Chemical - by focusing on the active management of its patent portfolio have generated over $125 million in revenues from licensing and other ways of exploiting their intangible assets.
  
• Texas Instruments - by sharing best practice between its semiconductor fabrication plants saved the equivalent of investing in a new plant.
  
• Skandia Assurance - by developing new measures of intellectual capital and goaling their managers on increasing its value have grown revenues much faster than their industry average.
  
• Hewlett-Packard - by sharing expertise already in the company, but not known to their development teams, now bring new products to market much faster than before.

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management
http://www.skyrme.com/insights/22km.htm#eg

Chapter : 11

Information System

An information system (IS) - or application landscape - is any combination of Information Technology and people's activities that support operations, management, and decision making. In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, processes, data, and technology. In this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Some make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing in instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.

Alter argues for an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans and/or machines perform work using resources to produce specific products and/or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to processing (capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying) information.

As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decition making and action.

Information systems are the primary focus of study for theInformation Systems disciplin and for Organisational Informatic.

Components

It consists of computers, instructions, stored facts, people and procedures.

ISs can be categorized in four parts:

• Management Information System (MIS)
• Decision Support System (DSS)
• Executive Information System (EIS)
• Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Example of Information System

The Body Shop International plc, known as The Body Shop, has 2,400 stores in 61^[2] countries, and is the second largest cosmetic franchise in the world, following O Boticario, a Brazilian company. The Body Shop is headquartered in Littlehampton, West Sussex, England, was founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick and is now part of the L'Oréal corporate group.




Reference:


http://www.planetadesign.se/portfolio/the-body-shop-ltd/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system
http://www.scribd.com/doc/11796980/Information-Systems-at-Walmart-Inc

Chapter : 10

               The  pros  and  cons  of  information  technology 

                            

Information technology has helped the world with the same level. Without his contribution, there is no doubt that we now do not get this "technical world" or. But even if some people raise a number of statements (which may be unfounded) thatthe information technology (IT) are taking away the privacy of ordinary people and breaking international reputation of the world wide human knowledge. 

So let some positive aspects in this article (OPR) and poorEffects (v) InformationTechnology in places. According to the definition of a Google service, it is said- 

"The branch of engineering that get on the use of computers and telecommunications, and store and transmit information." – Definition of Google. 

Therefore, the definition in that it provides, it is clear that this is "the branch of technology that helps us communicate with each other, technology transfer individual knowledge, and our store with your computer and other modernmeansInformation Technology. " 

Information Technology Pro 

1. The world has the flexibility 

we do or what to think, plan employees, colleagues and friends are our shared with.Internet technology, this system has a high degree. The idea of ​​the telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) was changed and made like mobile phones, to increase the flexibility in communication and talk to our dear comrades, wheneverDemand! 

2. The sense of responsibility has increased 

Let 'Barack Obama President of USA, "as the figure. The use of networking sites (Twitter and Facebook), blogs, social bookmarking, the LEADER approach in the world, if necessary, we can send messages and updates that are ( or will be made by us) will be 'within a very short period of time. 

3. Just to think, and developments in the transport sector 

Of thought and research, weResources need to find out what people thought of our past, which the quotations that have left us (information theory + +). We can use it with a single click in the search engines (especially Google ™, Yahoo) to find. By a clear cut idea, we have the opportunity to help the world with new ideas and technological inventions and to share what we learned during our lives. 

And over the centuries has contributed to a widening of the transport strategy that helps us attend to one place to anotherof (roads, highways, air, water and sky!) 

4. This allows you to save thousands of lives every day 

Then, from the point of entry I hope you understand me relate to the development of the medical field. Every day people relief with the perfect use of medicine, hospital technology, by adding (X-rays, laser treatments) and more in the queue. With the combination of World Health Organization, several life-threatening diseases to overcome and be expelled from the newly establishedCountries rapidly and the plans and ideas. 

5. Increase the sense of human rights 

Technology can remember those of our human rights, basic needs and updates made ​​available to or around the world where it is necessary to help alleviate. During earthquakes, floods, horrible, that during the cooperation is necessary on the World Wide Web Help us to collect the donation of a set. 

They can not understand, it's about good and bad sides of the Information andTechnology ManagementWithin a page and how, as he mixes with all aspects and angles of our lives. Rather, we have seen in side effects bad side (cons) that led in the sectors of human society. 

Information Technology Cons 

He pulled the privacy of individuals 

As the IT sector the hearts of people around the world have wined. People are here to share and store any kind of information, the date of the individuals in their private hard drives and onlineDatabases. But because of some computer criminals, is not as safe, both online and offline. If someone has a little "sloppy, he / she has to pay high. (E 'heavy). 

The online community is not safe for the family more 

Children under the age can often share cell numbers, e-mail contact, which can be manipulated by people and pass it to the criminals who harm a blueprint of the company. And people lose their privacy and credit card payments from otherProcessing options. Again, there are several Web sites created perverse that a child can be worn under the age of eighteen in a different place – that the nation is to bring Harms. 

E 'intention to harm a human Natural Power 

People should be the best of all creations (in Islam). We can imagine, to collect the human principles (ethical knowledge) and then working relationships with friends and family. But because of the harmful aspects of the (IT) People are always fullbased technology. And it can bring great harm to society by taking away the thoughts and ideas of natural organic. 

You can bring effective administration without World Destruction 

This is something more that I write, having regard to the various science-fiction. Great scholars have, even if the problem with wisdom. Up to now (people) we are holding a prominent place in the world and the management of information technology. But come one day, when theThe technology is for us to manage all aspects. It is possible that we will probably convert the slaves of technology. 

So from this I am not trying to say that the technology to bring harm here, just because I have a technological man over 24 hours of navigation computer and talk on the phone itself. But as part of human society, we must take a look at both sides. 

Reference:http://technology-personal-tech.chailit.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-information-technology.html

Chapter : 9

Good websites and Bias information

Good Websites 

- Are impeccably clean

- Have personality

- Stand out

- Are extremely effective

- Are well thought out and usable

Example

• Google
• Facebook
• Twitter

Bias information

Description

When we are trying to make a decision, we generally seek data on which to rationally base the choice. Where this goes wrong, is when we assume that all information is useful, and that 'more is better'.

Sometimes, extra information adds no significant value. Sometimes it simply serves to confuse.

RESEARCH

Baron, Beattie, and Hershey (1988), gave subjects a diagnostic problem involving fictitious symptoms, tests and diseases. Many subjects said they would need additional tests even when they had sufficient data.

EXAMPLE

A manager gets consultants to do a study of the marketplace when a third party report is already available at far less cost.

SO WHAT?

Using it

When you want people to pay attention to your information, even when they have other information you may well be able to present it, for example as 'new findings'.

You can also deliberately create overload by encouraging people to seek more and more data.

Defending

Think first about what information you need and go for that which is just sufficient and necessary.

EXAMPLE 

PSYCH BASICS

Bias
cognitive biases, discrimination, heuristics, prejudice, stereotypes, racism, sexism

     A bias is a tendency. Most biases—like preferring to eat food instead of paper clips, or assuming someone on fire should be put out—are helpful. But cognitive shortcuts can cause problems when we're not aware of them and we apply them inappropriately, leading to rash decisions or discriminatory practices (based on, say, racism and sexism). Relying on biases but keeping them in check requires a delicate balance of self-awareness.